I roto i te wā "Mahere Tau Rima 14", e ai ki te mahere rautaki "te tihi waro me te kore waro" o te whenua, ka arahi te umanga photovoltaic ki te whanaketanga tere. Ko te pakarutanga o te umanga photovoltaic kua "waihanga taonga" mō te mekameka ahumahi katoa. I roto i tēnei mekameka whakamiharo, he hononga tino nui te karāhe photovoltaic. I tēnei rā, i te tautoko i te tiaki pūngao me te tiaki taiao, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te karāhe photovoltaic i ia rā, i ia rā, ā, he kore taurite i waenga i te tuku me te tono. I taua wā anō, kua piki ake te onepū kuata iti-rino me te ultra-ma, he rauemi nui mō te karāhe photovoltaic, ā, kua piki ake te utu, ā, he iti te tuku. E matapaetia ana e ngā tohunga ahumahi ka piki ake te onepū kuata iti-rino mō te wā roa neke atu i te 15% mō te neke atu i te 10 tau. I raro i te hau kaha o te photovoltaic, kua aro nui te hanga o te onepū kuata iti-rino.
1. Onepu kuata mō te karāhe photovoltaic
Ko te karāhe photovoltaic te tikanga whānuitia hei papa whakakī mō ngā kōwae photovoltaic, ā, e pā tika ana ki te taiao o waho. Ko tōna ātete ki te huarere, tōna kaha, tōna whakawhiti mārama me ētahi atu tohu he mea nui ki te oranga o ngā kōwae photovoltaic me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko mō te wā roa. He ngāwari te tae i ngā katote rino i roto i te onepu quartz, ā, kia pai ai te whakawhiti hihi o te rā o te karāhe taketake, he iti iho te ihirangi rino o te karāhe photovoltaic i tērā o te karāhe noa, ā, me whakamahi i te onepu quartz rino iti me te parakore silicon teitei me te ihirangi poke iti.
I tēnei wā, he iti noa ngā onepū kuata rino kounga teitei e ngāwari ana te keri i tō tātou whenua, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei e horahia ana ki Heyuan, Guangxi, Fengyang, Anhui, Hainan me ētahi atu wāhi. I te heke mai, me te tipu haere o te kaha whakaputa o te karāhe whakairo tino-mā mō ngā pūtau hiko rā, ka noho te onepū kuata kounga teitei me te rohe whakaputa iti hei rauemi iti. Mā te whakarato o te onepū kuata kounga teitei me te pumau ka whakawhāiti i te whakataetae o ngā kamupene karāhe photovoltaic i te heke mai. Nō reira, me pēhea te whakaiti i te ihirangi o te rino, te konumohe, te titanium me ētahi atu mea poke i roto i te onepū kuata me te whakarite i te onepū kuata parakore he kaupapa rangahau wera.
2. Te whakaputa i te onepu kiripaka iti-rino mō te karāhe photovoltaic
2.1 Te Whakamaemae i te Onepu Kuata mō te Karāhe Photovoltaic
I tēnei wā, ko ngā tukanga purenga quartz tuku iho e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga ko te whakarōpū, te horoi, te tinei wai-whakapūkara, te huri, te tātari, te wehenga aukume, te wehenga taumaha, te whakapūkara, te tango waikawa, te tango moroiti, te tango hau i te pāmahana teitei, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā tukanga purenga hohonu ko te tunu chlorine, te whakarōpū tae irahiko, te whakarōpū aukume superconducting, te korehau pāmahana teitei me ētahi atu. Ko te tukanga painga whānui o te purenga onepu quartz ā-whare kua whakawhanakehia hoki mai i te "huri, wehenga aukume, horoi" o mua ki te "wehenga → kuru matotoru → whakapūkara → tinei wai → huri → tirotiro → wehenga aukume → whakapūkara → waikawa. Ko te tukanga painga whakakotahi o te rumaki→horoi→whakamaroke, me te whakamahi i te ngaruiti, te ultrasonic me ētahi atu tikanga mō te maimoatanga mua, te purenga āwhina rānei, ka tino whakapai ake i te pānga purenga. I runga i ngā whakaritenga rino iti o te karāhe photovoltaic, ko te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga tango onepu quartz te nuinga o te wā ka whakaurua.
Ko te tikanga, e ono ngā āhua noa o te rino i roto i te konganuku kuata:
① Kei roto i te āhua o ngā matūriki angiangi i roto i te uku, i te feldspar kaolinized rānei
②Kua piri ki te mata o ngā matūriki quartz i te āhua o te kiriata waikura rino
③Ngā kohuke rino pērā i te hematite, te magnetite, te specularite, te qinite, me ētahi atu, ngā kohuke kei roto te rino pērā i te mika, te amphibole, te karāneti, me ētahi atu.
④Kei roto i te āhua rumaki, kei roto rānei i te karaihe i roto i ngā matūriki kuata
⑤ Kei roto i te āhua o te otinga totoka i roto i te karaihe quartz
⑥ Ka whakaranua he nui o te rino tuarua ki te tukanga kuru me te huri
Hei wehewehe tika i ngā kohuke kei roto te rino i te kuata, me mātua kimi tuatahi te āhua o ngā poke rino i roto i te konganuku kuata, kātahi ka whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga whai hua me te tukanga wehenga e tika ana hei tango i ngā poke rino.
(1) Te tukanga wehenga aukume
Mā te tukanga wehenga aukume ka taea te tango i ngā kohuke paru aukume ngoikore pērā i te hematite, te limonite me te biotite tae atu ki ngā matūriki honohono ki te whānuitanga nui rawa atu. E ai ki te kaha aukume, ka taea te wehewehe i te wehenga aukume ki te wehenga aukume kaha me te wehenga aukume ngoikore. Ko te wehenga aukume kaha te tikanga ka whakamahia te wehenga aukume kaha maku, te wehenga aukume piki teitei rānei.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te onepu quartz kei roto ko ngā kohuke poke aukume ngoikore pēnei i te limonite, te hematite, te biotite, me ētahi atu, ka taea te whiriwhiri mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini aukume kaha momo-mākū i te uara neke atu i te 8.0×105A/m; Mō ngā kohuke aukume kaha e whakahaerehia ana e te rino, he pai ake te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini aukume ngoikore, i tētahi mīhini aukume reo rānei hei wehewehe. [2] I ēnei rā, nā te whakamahinga o ngā wehewehe aukume papa aukume teitei-rōrahi me te kaha, kua tino pai ake te wehenga me te purenga aukume i whakaritea ki mua. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi wehewehe aukume kaha momo roera whakapūngao aukume hei tango i te rino i raro i te kaha o te papa aukume 2.2T ka taea te whakaiti i te ihirangi o te Fe2O3 mai i te 0.002% ki te 0.0002%.
(2) Te tukanga whakamānu
Ko te whakapūmau he tukanga wehewehe i ngā matūriki kohuke mā roto i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga matū rerekē i runga i te mata o ngā matūriki kohuke. Ko te mahi matua ko te tango i te kohuke mika me te feldspar e pā ana mai i te onepu kuata. Mō te wehenga whakapūmau o ngā kohuke me te kuata kei roto te rino, ko te kimi i te āhua o te putanga mai o ngā paru rino me te āhua tohatoha o ia rahi matūriki te mea nui ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi tukanga wehewehe tika mō te tango rino. Ko te nuinga o ngā kohuke kei roto te rino he kore hiko i runga ake i te 5, he pai te utu i roto i te taiao waikawa, ā, he pai mō te whakamahi i ngā kaikohi anionic.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa ngako (hōpi), te hydrocarbyl sulfonate, te sulfate rānei hei kaikohi anionic mō te whakapūngā o te konganuku waikura rino. Ka taea te whakapūngā o te pyrite mai i te quartz i roto i te taiao whakapūngā me te kaihoko whakapūngā matarohia mō te isobutyl xanthate me te paura pango butylamine (4:1). Ko te horopeta he tata ki te 200ppmw.
Ko te whakapūngao o te ilmenite e whakamahia ana te konutai oleate (0.21mol/L) hei kaihopu whakapūngao hei whakatikatika i te pH ki te 4~10. Ka puta he tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā katote oleate me ngā matūriki rino i runga i te mata o te ilmenite hei whakaputa i te rino oleate, ka mimitihia e te matū. Ka pupuri ngā katote oleate i te ilmenite kia pai ake te whakapūngao. He pai te whiriwhiri me te mahi kohikohi a ngā kaikohi waikawa phosphonic i hangaia i ngā tau tata nei mō te ilmenite.
(3) Te tukanga horoi waikawa
Ko te kaupapa matua o te tukanga horoi waikawa ko te tango i ngā kohuke rino wairewa i roto i te otinga waikawa. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pānga purenga o te horoi waikawa ko te rahi o te matūriki onepu kuata, te pāmahana, te wā, te momo waikawa, te kukū waikawa, te ōwehenga totoka-wai, me ētahi atu, me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana me te otinga waikawa. Mā te kukū me te whakaiti i te radius o ngā matūriki kuata ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere horoi me te tere horoi o te Al. He iti te pānga purenga o te waikawa kotahi, ā, he pānga mahi tahi te waikawa whakauru, ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere tango o ngā huānga poke pēnei i te Fe me te K. Ko ngā waikawa inorganic noa ko te HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, ko te tikanga e rua, neke atu rānei o ēnei ka whakaranua, ka whakamahia i roto i tētahi ōwehenga.
Ko te waikawa oxalic he waikawa waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te tango waikawa. Ka taea e ia te hanga i tētahi matatini pumau me ngā katote konganuku rewa, ā, ka ngāwari te horoi i ngā poke. He iti te horopeta me te tere tango rino teitei. Ka whakamahia e ētahi tāngata te ultrasound hei āwhina i te purenga o te waikawa oxalic, ā, i kitea e rātou, ki te whakatauritea ki te ultrasound whakaoho me te tāke tikanga, ko te ultrasound probe te tere tango Fe teitei rawa atu, ko te nui o te waikawa oxalic he iti iho i te 4g/L, ā, ko te tere tango rino e eke ana ki te 75.4%.
Mā te waikawa waimeha me te waikawa hauwaiwai ka taea te tango i ngā poke whakarewa pērā i te Fe, Al, Mg, engari me whakahaere te nui o te waikawa hauwaiwai nā te mea ka taea e te waikawa hauwaiwai te waikura i ngā matūriki kuata. Ka pāngia hoki te kounga o te tukanga purenga e te whakamahinga o ngā momo waikawa rerekē. I roto i ēnei, ko te waikawa whakaranu o te HCl me te HF te mea tino pai te pānga tukatuka. Ka whakamahia e ētahi tāngata te HCl me te HF hei horoi i te onepu kuata i muri i te wehenga aukume. Mā te horoi matū, ko te nui katoa o ngā huānga poke he 40.71μg/g, ā, ko te parakore o te SiO2 he 99.993wt%.
(4) Te horoinga o ngā moroiti
E whakamahia ana ngā moroiti hei tango i te rino angiangi, hei whakakī rānei i te rino ki te mata o ngā matūriki onepū quartz, he tikanga hou tēnei mō te tango i te rino. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o tāwāhi he pai ngā hua o te whakamahinga o Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Polymyxin Bacillus me ētahi atu moroiti hei tango i te rino ki te mata o te kiriata quartz, ā, ko te hua pai rawa atu o te tango rino Aspergillus niger. Ko te tere tango o te Fe2O3 he nui ake i te 75%, ā, ko te taumata o te kukū Fe2O3 he iti iho i te 0.007%. Ā, i kitea he pai ake te hua o te tango rino me te whakatipu-mua i te nuinga o ngā huakita me ngā pokepokea ai.
2.2 Ētahi atu ahunga whakamua rangahau o te onepu quartz mō te karāhe photovoltaic
Hei whakaiti i te nui o te waikawa, hei whakaiti i te uauatanga o te maimoatanga paru, hei hoa hoki mō te taiao, i whakaaturia e Peng Shou [5] me ētahi atu tētahi tikanga mō te whakarite i te onepū rino iti 10ppm mā te tukanga kore-pickling: ka whakamahia te onepū uaua tūturu hei rauemi mata, ā, ka kuruhia e toru ngā wāhanga. Ka taea e te hurihanga wāhanga tuatahi me te whakarōpūtanga wāhanga tuarua te whiwhi i te kirikiri 0.1~0.7mm; ka wehea te kirikiri e te wāhanga tuatahi o te wehenga aukume me te wāhanga tuarua o te tango aukume kaha o te rino miihini me ngā kohuke e mau ana i te rino hei whiwhi onepu wehenga aukume; ka whiwhihia te wehenga aukume o te onepu mā te whakapūtanga wāhanga tuarua. Ko te ihirangi Fe2O3 he iti iho i te 10ppm onepū rino iti, ka whakamahia e te whakapūtanga H2SO4 hei kaiwhakahaere, ka whakatika i te pH=2~3, ka whakamahia te konutai oleate me te propylene diamine e ahu mai ana i te hinu kokonati hei kohikohi. Ko te onepū kiripaka kua oti te whakarite SiO2≥99.9%, Fe2O3≤10ppm, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o ngā rauemi mata hiraka e hiahiatia ana mō te karāhe whatu, te karāhe whakaatu hikohiko, me te karāhe kiripaka.
I tētahi atu taha, nā te mimiti haere o ngā rauemi quartz kounga teitei, kua aro nui te katoa ki te whakamahinga whānui o ngā rauemi iti. I whakamahia e Xie Enjun o China Building Materials Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. ngā toenga kaolin hei whakarite i te onepu quartz rino-iti mō te karāhe photovoltaic. Ko te hanganga kohuke matua o ngā toenga kaolin Fujian ko te quartz, kei roto he iti noa iho o ngā kohuke poke pērā i te kaolinite, te mika, me te feldspar. I muri i te tukatuka i ngā toenga kaolin mā te tukanga whakapai ake o te "huri-waipēhi whakarōpūtanga-wehenga aukume-whakarewa", ko te nui o te rahi matūriki 0.6~0.125mm he nui ake i te 95%, ko te SiO2 he 99.62%, ko te Al2O3 he 0.065%, ko te Fe2O3 he 92×10-6 onepu quartz pai e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga kounga o te onepu quartz rino-iti mō te karāhe photovoltaic.
I whakaputa a Shao Weihua me ētahi atu o te Zhengzhou Institute of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, i tētahi patent auaha: he tikanga mō te whakarite i te onepu quartz teitei-parakore mai i ngā toenga kaolin. Ngā mahi o te tikanga: a. Ka whakamahia ngā toenga kaolin hei konganuku mata, ka tātarihia i muri i te whakaoho me te horoi kia whiwhi ai i te rauemi +0.6mm; b. Ka hurihia te rauemi +0.6mm ka whakarōpūtia, ā, ka tukuna te rauemi kohuke 0.4mm0.1mm ki te mahi wehenga aukume. Hei whiwhi i ngā rauemi aukume me ngā rauemi kore-aukume, ka uru ngā rauemi kore-aukume ki te mahi wehenga taumaha hei whiwhi i ngā kohuke māmā wehenga taumaha me ngā kohuke taumaha wehenga taumaha, ā, ka uru ngā kohuke māmā wehenga taumaha ki te mahi huri anō hei mata hei whiwhi i ngā kohuke +0.1mm; c.+0.1mm Ka uru te kohuke ki te mahi whakapūngā hei whiwhi i te kukū whakapūngā. Ka tangohia te wai o runga o te kukū whakapūngā, kātahi ka whakamātaohia mā te ultrasonic, kātahi ka tātarihia kia whiwhi ai i te rauemi matotoru +0.1mm hei onepu quartz teitei-parakore. Mā te tikanga o tēnei mahi auaha, e kore e taea anake te tiki i ngā hua kukū quartz kounga teitei, engari he poto hoki te wā tukatuka, he māmā te rere o te tukanga, he iti te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, he kounga teitei te kukū quartz i whiwhihia, e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga kounga o te quartz parakore teitei.
He nui ngā rauemi quartz kei roto i ngā toenga kaolin. Mā te whakapai ake, te purenga me te tukatuka hohonu, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata karāhe ma-whero. Ka puta hoki he whakaaro hou mō te whakamahinga whānui o ngā rauemi toenga kaolin.
3. Tirohanga whānui o te mākete mō te onepu kiripaka rino-iti mō te karāhe photovoltaic
I tētahi taha, i te haurua tuarua o te tau 2020, kāore e taea e te kaha whakaputa e herea ana e te whānui te whakatutuki i te tono nui i raro i te nui o te whai rawa. Kāore i te taurite te tuku me te tono o te karāhe photovoltaic, ā, kei te piki haere te utu. I raro i te karanga tahi a te maha o ngā kamupene waeine photovoltaic, i te Hakihea 2020, i whakaputa te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio i tētahi tuhinga e whakamārama ana kāore pea te kaupapa karāhe hurihuri photovoltaic e whakatakoto i tētahi mahere whakakapinga kaha. Nā te pānga o te kaupapa here hou, ka whakawhānuihia te tere tipu o te whakaputa karāhe photovoltaic mai i te tau 2021. E ai ki ngā mōhiohio a te marea, ko te kaha o te karāhe photovoltaic hurihuri me tētahi mahere mārama mō te whakaputa i te 21/22 ka eke ki te 22250/26590t/d, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 68.4/48.6%. Mō ngā kaupapa here me ngā taurangi taha tono, e matapaetia ana ka arahi te onepu photovoltaic i te tipu nui.
Te kaha whakaputa o te umanga karāhe photovoltaic 2015-2022
I tētahi atu taha, ko te pikinga nui o te kaha whakaputa o te karāhe photovoltaic ka nui ake pea te tuku o te onepu silica iti-rino i te tuku, ka whakawhāiti i te kaha whakaputa tuturu o te karāhe photovoltaic. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, mai i te tau 2014, ko te whakaputanga o te onepu quartz ā-motu o tōku whenua he iti ake i te hiahia ā-motu, ā, kua mau tonu te taurite o te tuku me te hiahia.
I taua wā anō, he iti noa iho ngā rauemi o te konganuku rino iti o tōku whenua, kei Heyuan o Guangdong, kei Beihai o Guangxi, kei Fengyang o Anhui me Donghai o Jiangsu e kohikohia ana, ā, me kawemai te nuinga o ēnei.
Ko te onepū kiripaka mā-rahi iti-rino tētahi o ngā rauemi mata nui (e 25% te utu mō ngā rauemi mata) i ngā tau tata nei. Kua piki haere hoki te utu. I mua, tata ki te 200 yuan/tana mō te wā roa. Whai muri i te pakarutanga mai o te mate urutā o te hauwhā tuatahi i roto i ngā tau 20, kua heke iho i te taumata teitei, ā, kei te mau tonu tana mahi pumau i tēnei wā.
I te tau 2020, ko te hiahia whānui o tōku whenua mō te onepu quartz ka eke ki te 90.93 miriona tana, ko te putanga ka eke ki te 87.65 miriona tana, ā, ko te kawemai kupenga ka eke ki te 3.278 miriona tana. E ai ki ngā mōhiohio a te marea, ko te nui o te kōhatu quartz i roto i te 100kg o te karāhe rewa e tata ana ki te 72.2kg. E ai ki te mahere whakawhānui o nāianei, ko te pikinga o te kaha o te karāhe photovoltaic i te tau 2021/2022 ka eke pea ki te 3.23/24500t/d, e ai ki te whakaputanga ā-tau. I roto i te wā 360-rā, ka rite te whakaputanga katoa ki te hiahia hou kua piki ake mō te onepu silica rino-iti o te 836/635 miriona tana/tau, arā, ko te hiahia hou mō te onepu silica rino-iti i kawea mai e te karāhe photovoltaic i te tau 2021/2022 ka kapi i te onepu quartz katoa i te tau 2020 9.2%/7.0% o te hiahia. I te mea he wāhanga noa iho o te katoa o te tono onepu silica te onepu silica iti-rino, tera pea he nui ake te pēhanga ki te onepu silica iti-rino i puta mai i te haumitanga nui o te kaha whakaputa karāhe photovoltaic i te pēhanga ki te umanga onepu quartz whānui.
—He tuhinga nā te Whatunga Paura
Wā tuku: Hakihea-11-2021