Te āhua o te chromium
Ko te Chromium, he tohu huānga Cr, he tau ngota 24, he papatipu ngota whanaunga 51.996, nō te huānga konganuku whakawhiti o te rōpū VIB o te ripanga ā-wā o ngā huānga matū. Ko te konganuku Chromium he tioata poraka pokapū-tinana, he hiriwa-mā, he mātotoru 7.1g/cm³, he ira rewa 1860℃, he ira kohua 2680℃, he kaha wera motuhake i te 25℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), he wera mimiti 342.1kJ/mol, he kawe wera 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), he ātete (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, he pai ngā āhuatanga miihini.
E rima ngā uara o te chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 me te +6. I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mahi ā-roto, ko te chromium te uara +3 i te nuinga o te wā. Ko ngā matū kei roto ko te chromium +trivalent te mea tino pumau. He kaha ngā āhuatanga waikura o ngā matū chromium +sixvalent, tae atu ki ngā tote chromium. He rite ngā radii ionic o Cr3+, AI3+ me Fe3+, nō reira he whānuitia ngā āhuatanga ōrite. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā huānga ka taea te whakakapi ki te chromium ko te manganese, te konupūmā, te nikara, te cobalt, te konutea, me ētahi atu, nō reira he whānui te horapa o te chromium i roto i ngā kohuke silicate konupūmā me ngā kohuke tāpiri.
Tono
Ko te chromium tētahi o ngā konganuku e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā umanga hou. E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga o te maitai kore waikura me ngā momo maitai koranu i roto i te ahua o ngā koranu ferro (pērā i te ferrochrome). He mārō, he ātete ki te kakahu, he ātete ki te wera me te ātete ki te waikura te āhuatanga o te chromium. E whakamahia whānuitia ana te konganuku chrome i roto i te mahi whakarewa, ngā rauemi ātete ki te wera, te umanga matū me ngā umanga whakarewa.
I roto i te umanga whakarewa, ko te konganuku chromium te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei whakarewa i te ferrochrome me te chromium whakarewa. Ka whakamahia te chromium hei tāpiri maitai hei whakaputa i ngā momo maitai motuhake kaha-teitei, ātete-waikura, ātete-pakaru, ātete-mahana teitei, me te ātete-waikura, pērā i te maitai kore waikura, te maitai ātete-waikawa, te maitai ātete-wera, te maitai whēra pōro, te maitai puna, te maitai taputapu, me ētahi atu. Ka taea e te chromium te whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te ātete-pakaru o te maitai. Ko te chromium whakarewa te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei whakarewa i ngā koranu motuhake me te cobalt, te nickel, te tungsten me ētahi atu huānga. Mā te whakakikorua me te chromizing chrome ka taea e te maitai, te parahi, te konumohe me ētahi atu konganuku te hanga i tētahi mata ātete-waikura, he kanapa, he ataahua.
I roto i te umanga ātete-wai, he rauemi ātete-wai nui te konganuku chromium e whakamahia ana hei hanga pereki chromium, pereki chrome magnesia, ngā konganuku ātete-wai matatau me ētahi atu rauemi ātete-wai motuhake (konukōmi chromium). Ko ngā konganuku ātete-wai e hangai ana ki te chromium ko ngā pereki me te konganuku chromium me te magnesia, te konukōmi magnesia-chrome kua whakatakahia, ngā pereki magnesia-chrome kua rewa, kua hurihia pai, kātahi ka herea ngā pereki magnesia-chrome. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā oumu tuwhera, ngā oumu whakapūngao, me ētahi atu. Hei whakarārangi i te oumu hurihuri me te hurihanga o te umanga sima, me ētahi atu.
I roto i te umanga whakarewa, kāore te konganuku chromium e taunekeneke me ētahi atu huānga o te maitai rewa i te wā e ringihia ana, he iti te tauwehenga whānui wera, he ātete ki te urunga o te konganuku, ā, he pai ake te mahi whakamatao i te zircon. He tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te hanganga matū me te tohatoha rahi matūriki mō te konganuku chromium mō te whakarewa.
I roto i te umanga matū, ko te whakamahinga tika rawa o te chromium ko te whakaputa i te otinga konutai dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O), kātahi ka whakarite i ētahi atu matū chromium hei whakamahi i roto i ngā umanga pēnei i ngā tae, ngā kakahu, te whakakikorua hiko, me te hanga hiako, tae atu ki ngā whakakorikori.
Ko te paura kōrome kua hurihia kia pai te huri he mea hanga tae māori mō te hanga karāhe, uku me ngā tāera kua whakakikoruatia. Ina whakamahia te konutai dichromate hei whakangaro i te hiako, ka tauhohe te pūmua (kolagen) me ngā warowaihā i roto i te hiako taketake ki ngā matū hei hanga i tētahi matū pakari, ka noho hei pūtake mō ngā hua hiako. I roto i te umanga kakahu, ka whakamahia te konutai dichromate hei mea whakamātao i roto i te tae kakahu, ka taea te hono pai i ngā ngota tae ki ngā matū waro; ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei mea whakahāngai i roto i te hanga tae me ngā takawaenga.
Kohuke konupora
Neke atu i te 50 ngā momo kohuke kei roto te chromium kua kitea i roto i te taiao, engari ko te nuinga o ēnei he iti te ihirangi chromium, ā, he marara te horapa, he iti hoki te uara whakamahi ahumahi. Nō roto ēnei kohuke kei roto te chromium i ngā waikura, i ngā chromate me ngā silicate, me ētahi atu hauwaiwai, i ngā iodate, i ngā nitride me ngā sulfide. I roto i ēnei, ko te chromium nitride me te chromium sulfide ka kitea anake i roto i ngā meteorite.
Hei momo kohuke i roto i te whānau iti o te konganuku chromium, ko te chromite anake te kohuke ahumahi nui o te chromium. Ko te tātai matū ariā ko (MgFe)Cr2O4, e 68% te ihirangi Cr2O3, ā, e 32% te FeO. I roto i tōna hanganga matū, ko te cation trivalent te nuinga ko Cr3+, ā, he maha ngā whakakapinga isomorphic Al3+, Fe3+ me Mg2+, Fe2+. I roto i te chromite tūturu i hangaia, he maha ngā wā ka whakakapia tetahi wāhanga o Fe2+ e Mg2+, ā, ka whakakapia a Cr3+ e Al3+ me Fe3+ ki ngā taumata rerekē. Kāore i te ōrite te taumata katoa o te whakakapinga isomorphic i waenga i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te chromite. Ko ngā cation taunga wha-raupapa ko te nuinga ko te konupūmā me te rino, ā, ko te whakakapinga isomorphic katoa i waenga i te konupūmā-rino. E ai ki te tikanga wehewehe-wha, ka taea te wehewehe i te chromite ki ngā rōpū iti e whā: konupūmā chromite, rino-konupūmā chromite, mafic-rino chromite me te rino-chromite. Hei tāpiritanga, he iti noa te konupūmā kei roto i te kōromite, he ranunga ōrite o te taitāne, te vanadium me te konutea. He momo spinel noa te hanganga o te kōromite.
4. Paerewa kounga o te konutea chromium
E ai ki ngā tikanga tukatuka rerekē (te whakapūtanga kohuke me te konganuku tūturu), e rua ngā momo o te konganuku chromium mō te mahi whakarewa: te konganuku kukū (G) me te konganuku puranga (K). Tirohia te ripanga i raro nei.
Ngā whakaritenga kounga mō te konganuku chromite mō te mahi whakarewa
Hangarau whakapai i te konganuku kromo
1) Pōtitanga anō
I tēnei wā, he tūranga nui te wehenga ā-papa i roto i te whakangawari i te konganuku chromium. Ko te tikanga wehenga ā-papa, e whakamahi ana i te paparanga wetewete i roto i te wai hei whanonga taketake, koia tonu te tikanga matua mō te whakangawari i te konganuku chromium puta noa i te ao. Ko te taputapu wehenga ā-papa he ngongo porowhita me te pūwhakakotahi ine, ā, he whānui te whānuitanga o te rahi o te matūriki tukatuka. I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te rerekētanga mātotoru i waenga i ngā kohuke chromium me ngā kohuke gangue i te 0.8g/cm3, ā, ka taea te whakangawari i te wehenga ā-papa o tētahi rahi matūriki nui atu i te 100um. ko te hua o. Ka whakarōpūhia, ka tīpakohia rānei ngā konganuku matotoru (100 ~ 0.5mm) mā te whakangawari taumaha-waenganui, he tikanga whakangawari tino ōhanga.
2) Wehenga aukume
Ko te wehenga aukume he tikanga whakangawari e whakatutuki ana i te wehenga o ngā kohuke i roto i tētahi papa aukume kore-taurite i runga i te rerekētanga aukume o ngā kohuke i roto i te konganuku. He ngoikore ngā āhuatanga aukume o te chromite, ā, ka taea te wehewehe mā roto i ngā wehewehe aukume porowhita teitei poutū, ngā wehewehe aukume pereti maku me ētahi atu taputapu. Kāore i te tino rerekē ngā tauwehenga aukume motuhake o ngā kohuke chromium i hangaia i roto i ngā rohe whakaputa konganuku chromium o te ao, ā, he rite tonu ki ngā tauwehenga aukume motuhake o te wolframite me te wolframite i hangaia i roto i ngā rohe rerekē.
E rua ngā āhuatanga o te whakamahi i te wehenga aukume hei whiwhi i te kukū chromium kounga teitei: ko tētahi ko te tango i ngā kohuke aukume kaha (te nuinga ko te magnetite) i roto i te konganuku i raro i tētahi papa aukume ngoikore hei whakanui ake i te ōwehenga o te ferrochrome, ā, ko tētahi ko te whakamahi i tētahi papa aukume kaha. Te wehenga o ngā kohuke gangue me te whakaora i te konganuku chromium (ngā kohuke aukume ngoikore).
3) Kōwhiringa hiko
Ko te wehenga hiko he tikanga wehewehe i te konganuku chromium me ngā kohuke gangue silicate mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga hiko o ngā kohuke, pērā i ngā rerekētanga o te kawe hiko me te pūmau dielectric.
4) Te Whakarewatanga
I roto i te tukanga wehenga ā-papa, he maha ngā wā ka makahia te konganuku chromite pai (-100um) hei para, engari he nui tonu te uara whakamahinga o te chromite o tēnei rahi, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga whakapūmau mō te konganuku chromite pai iti te kounga. Ka whakapūmauhia te konganuku chromium me te 20% ~40% Cr2O3 i roto i ngā para me ngā kohuke serpentine, olivine, rutile me te konupūmā konupūmā kāponāte hei kohuke gangue. Ka hurihia te konganuku ki te 200μm, ka whakamahia te karāhe wai, te phosphate, te metaphosphate, te fluorosilicate, me ētahi atu hei whakamarara me te aukati i te paru, ā, ka whakamahia te waikawa ngako kore-māku hei kaikohi. He mea tino nui te whakamarara me te pehi i te paru gangue ki te tukanga whakapūmau. Ka taea e ngā katote konganuku pēnei i te rino me te mata te whakahohe i te chromite. Ina kei raro iho i te 6 te uara pH o te paru, kāore e mānu te chromite. I roto i te poto, he nui te whakamahinga o te matū whakapūmau, he kore pumau te taumata kukū, ā, he iti te tere whakaora. Ka whakaitihia te whiriwhiringa o te tukanga whakamānu e te Ca2+ me te Mg2+ i rewa i ngā kohuke gangue.
5) Te whakapai ake i te matū
Ko te tikanga matū he tukatuka tika i ētahi konganuku chromite kāore e taea te wehewehe mā te tikanga ā-tinana, he nui rānei te utu o te tikanga ā-tinana. He teitei ake te ōwehenga Cr/Fe o te kukū i hangaia mā te tikanga matū i tērā o te tikanga ā-tinana noa. Kei roto i ngā tikanga matū: te tango whiriwhiri, te whakaiti waikura, te wehenga rewa, te tango waikawa whanariki me te waikawa chromic, te tango whakaiti me te waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga ā-tinana-matū me te maimoatanga tika o te konganuku chromium mā te tikanga matū tētahi o ngā au matua o te whakapainga chromite i ēnei rā. Ka taea e ngā tikanga matū te tango tika i te chromium mai i te konganuku ka puta he chromium carbide me te chromium oxide.
Wā tuku: 30 Paenga-whāwhā 2021