Ko te silicon me te hāora ngā huānga e rua e horapa whānuitia ana i roto i te kiri o te Ao. Haunga te hanga i te SiO2, ka honoa hoki ēnei hei hanga i ngā kohuke silicate tino nui e kitea ana i roto i te kiri. Neke atu i te 800 ngā kohuke silicate e mōhiotia ana, e tata ana ki te kotahi hautoru o ngā momo kohuke katoa e mōhiotia ana. Ina huihuia, e tata ana ki te 85% o te kiri o te Ao me te lithosphere mā te taumaha. Ehara i te mea ko ēnei kohuke ngā wāhanga matua o ngā toka igneous, sedimentary, me te metamorphic anake, engari he puna hoki mō ngā konganuku konganuku kore-whakarewa me ngā konganuku onge. Ko ētahi tauira ko te quartz, te feldspar, te kaolinite, te illite, te bentonite, te talc, te mika, te asbestos, te wollastonite, te pyroxene, te amphibole, te kyanite, te garnet, te zircon, te diatomite, te serpentine, te peridotite, te andalusite, te biotite, me te muscovite.
1. Feldspar
◆Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana: He kohuke horapa whānui te Feldspar i runga i te Ao. Ko te feldspar whai pāhare pākawa ka kiia ko te pāhare pākawa. Ko te Orthoclase, te microcline, me te albite he tauira o ngā kohuke pāhare pākawa. He pai te pumau matū o te Feldspar, ā, he ātete ki ngā waikawa, he uaua ki te pirau. Kei waenga i te 5.5 ki te 6.5 te pakeke, kei waenga i te 2.55 ki te 2.75 te mātotoru, ā, kei waenga i te 1185 ki te 1490 te ira rewa.°C. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei āhuatanga me te quartz, te muscovite, te biotite, te silimanite, te garnet, me ētahi iti noa o te magnetite, te ilmenite, me te tantalite.
◆Ngā Whakamahinga: Whakamahia ana mō te whakarewa karāhe, ngā rauemi mata uku, ngā karāhe uku, ngā rauemi mata enamel, te tongi pāhare pāporo, hei kōhatu whakapaipai me ngā kohatu utu nui.
◆Ngā Tikanga Kōwhiri: Te kōwhiri ā-ringa, te wehenga aukume, te whakamānu.
◆Te Pūtake me te Āhuatanga: Ka kitea i roto i ngā toka kneis, i ngā toka metamorphic kneisic rānei; ka kitea ētahi uaua i roto i ngā tinana toka granite, toka mafic rānei, i ō rātou rohe whakapā rānei. Ko te nuinga ka kukū ki roto i ngā papa pegspar pegmatitic, i ngā pegmatites feldspar takitahi kua wehea.
2. Kaolinite
◆Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana: He mā te kaolinite parakore engari he maha ngā tae whero mārama, kōwhai, kikorangi, kakariki, hina rānei nā te mea he poke. Ko tōna mātotoru kei waenganui i te 2.61 ki te 2.68, ā, ko te pakeke kei waenganui i te 2 ki te 3. Ka whakamahia te kaolinite i roto i te hanga uku o ia rā me ngā mea ahumahi, ngā rauemi ātete-wera, te hanga pepa, te hanga whare, ngā paninga, te rapa, te kirihou, ngā kakahu, me te mea he whakakī, he tae mā rānei.
◆Ngā Whakamahinga: Whakamahia i roto i te hanga uku o ia rā me ngā mahi ahumahi, ngā rauemi ātete ahi, te hanga pepa, te hanga whare, ngā paninga, te rapa, te kirihou, te kakahu, hei whakakī, hei tae mā rānei.
◆Ngā Tikanga Kōwhiri: Te wehenga aukume maroke me te mākū, te wehenga ā-papa, te whakapūkara, te whakamaeneene matū.
◆Te Pūtake me te Āhuatanga: I hangaia mai i ngā toka mura me ngā toka āhuarangi e whai kiko ana i te silica-alumina, i whakarerekētia e te huarere, e te whakakapinga waiariki rānei i te pāmahana iti.
3. Mika
◆Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana: He mā te nuinga o te wā he kōwhai mārama, he kakariki mārama, he hina mārama rānei. He kanapa karāhe tōna, he rite ki te pērara i runga i ngā mata pakaru, ā, he angiangi ngāwari engari kāore e pīwariwari. Kei waenga i te 1 ki te 2 te pakeketanga, ā, kei waenga i te 2.65 ki te 2.90 te mātotorutanga. Ka whakamahia te mika i roto i ngā rauemi ātete ahi, i ngā uku, i te porcelain hiko, i ngā oko whakarewa, i te muka karāhe, i te rapa, i te hanga pepa, i ngā tae, i ngā rongoā, i ngā mea whakapaipai, i ngā kirihou, ā, hei rauemi āwhina mō te whakairo toi ataahua.
◆Ngā Whakamahinga: Whakamahia i roto i ngā rauemi ātete ahi, ngā uku, te porcelain hiko, ngā oko whakarewa, te muka karāhe, te rapa, te hanga pepa, ngā tae, ngā rongoā, ngā mea whakapaipai, ngā kirihou, me te mea hei rauemi āwhina mō te whakairo toi ataahua.
◆Ngā Tikanga Kōwhiri: Te whiriwhiri ā-ringa, te wehenga hiko pūmau, te wehenga aukume.
◆Te Pūtake me te Āhuatanga: I puta mai i te whakarerekētanga waiariki o ngā toka puia waikawa waenga me ngā kirikiri pūkawa, e kitea ana hoki i roto i ngā kirikiri tioata whai konumohe me ētahi uaua kuata waiariki pāmahana-iti.
4. Te Talc
◆Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana: Kāore he tae o te talc parakore engari he maha ngā wā ka puta he kōwhai, he kakariki, he parauri, he māwhero rānei nā te mea he poke. He kanapa karāhe tōna, ā, ko te pakeke o te 1 i runga i te tauine Mohs. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te talc hei whakakī i roto i ngā ahumahi hanga pepa me te rapa, hei whakama hoki i roto i te ahumahi kakahu. He whakamahinga anō hoki i roto i ngā uku, peita, paninga, kirihou, me ngā mea whakapaipai.
◆Ngā Whakamahinga: Whakamahia hei whakakī i roto i ngā ahumahi hanga pepa me te rapa, hei mā te tae i roto i te ahumahi kakahu, me roto hoki i ngā uku, peita, paninga, kirihou, me ngā mea whakapaipai.
◆Ngā Tikanga Kōwhiri: Te kōwhiri ā-ringa, te wehenga hiko pūmau, te wehenga aukume, te whakarōpū whatu, te whakamānu, te horoi.
◆Te Pūtake me te Āhuatanga: I hangaia te nuinga mā te whakarerekētanga waiariki me te āhua o te kohatu, e hono ana ki te magnesite, te serpentine, te dolomite, me te talc schist.
5. Muscovite
◆Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana: He momo kohuke mika te Muscovite, he maha ngā wā ka kitea i roto i te mā, te hina, te kōwhai, te kakariki, te parauri rānei. He kanapa karāhe tōna, he rite ki te pērara ngā mata e haehaea ana. Ka whakamahia te Muscovite mō ngā kai tinei ahi, ngā rākau whakarewa, ngā kirihou, te whakamahana hiko, te hanga pepa, te pepa uku, te rapa, ngā tae pērara, ngā kirihou, ngā peita, me te rapa hei whakakī mahi.
◆Ngā Whakamahinga: Whakamahia hei tinei ahi, hei rākau whakarewa, hei kirihou, hei whakamahana hiko, hei hanga pepa, hei pepa uku, hei rapa, hei tae pērara, hei kirihou, hei peita, me te rapa hei whakakī mahi.
◆Ngā Tikanga Kōwhiri: Te whakamānu, te kōwhiringa hau, te kōwhiringa ā-ringa, te tihore, te kōwhiringa waku, te huri pai, te huri tino pai, te whakarerekētanga mata.
◆Te Pūtake me te Putanga: Ko te hua matua o te mahi magmatic me te mahi pegmatitic, e kitea pinepine ana i roto i ngā pegmatites granite me ngā mica schists, e hono pinepine ana ki te quartz, te feldspar, me ngā kohuke irahiko onge.
Te haere tonu o te whakamāoritanga:
6. Sodalite
He pūnaha tioata triclinic te Sodalite, he tioata porotaka papatahi te nuinga, he rārangi whakarara kei te mata tioata. He kanapa karaihe tōna, ā, he kanapa karāhe ki te pērara te āhua o te whati. Kei roto i ngā tae he mārama ki te kikorangi pouri, he kakariki, he kōwhai, he hina, he parauri, he kore tae, he hina-mā kanapa rānei. Kei waenga i te 5.5 ki te 7.0 te pakeketanga, me te taumaha motuhake o te 3.53 ki te 3.65. Ko ngā kohuke matua ko te sodalite me ētahi iti o te silica, me ngā kohuke tāpiri pērā i te quartz, te mika pango, te mika koura, me te chlorite.
He hua whakawhiti ā-rohe te Sodalite e kitea ana i roto i ngā schists tioata me ngā gneisses. Ko ngā kaihanga rongonui o te ao ko Switzerland, Austria, me ētahi atu whenua. Ina whakamahanahia ki te 1300°C, ka huri te sodalite hei mullite, he rauemi ātete kounga teitei e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā mono mura, ngā pūwero hinu, me ētahi atu hua uku ātete pāmahana teitei. Ka taea hoki te tango i te konumohe. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tioata mārama o ngā tae ataahua hei kohatu utu nui, ko te kikorangi hohonu te mea tino pai. Ko North Carolina i te United States e whakaputa ana i te sodalite kounga kohatu utu nui kikorangi me te kakariki.
7.Kāneti
◆Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana
Ko te tikanga he parauri, he kōwhai, he whero, he kakariki, me ētahi atu; he mārama ki te mārama; he kanapa karaihe, he whati me te kanapa kapia; kāore he pakaru; he pakeke 5.6~7.5; he mātotoru 3.5~4.2.
◆Ngā tono
Nā te pakeketanga o te karāneti he pai mō ngā rauemi whakakoi; ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tioata nunui he ataahua te tae me te mārama hei rauemi mata mō te kōhatu whakairo.
◆Ngā tikanga wehewehe
Te whakarōpū ā-ringa, te wehenga aukume.
◆Te Pūtake me te Tūnga
He whānuitia te horapa o te kāneti i roto i ngā tukanga whenua maha, ka hangaia he momo kāneti rerekē nā runga i ngā tukanga whenua rerekē; ko te raupapa kāneti konupūmā-konumohe ka puta i roto i ngā toka hydrothermal, alkaline, me ētahi pegmatites; ko te raupapa kāneti konupūmā-konumohe ka puta i roto i ngā toka igneous me ngā toka metamorphic rohe, gneisses, me ngā toka puia.
8.Biotite
◆Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea te biotite i roto i ngā toka metamorphic me ētahi atu toka pērā i te granite. Ko te tae o te biotite kei waenga i te mangu ki te parauri, te whero, te kakariki rānei. He kanapa karaihe tōna, he tioata pīngore, he pakeke ake i te whao, he ngāwari ki te haehae kia mongamonga, ā, he āhua pereti, he poupou rānei.
◆Ngā tono
E whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā rauemi hanga whare, te tiaki ahi, te hanga pepa, te pepa uku, ngā kirihou, te rapa, ngā kai tinei ahi, ngā rākau whakarewa, ngā whakapaipai, ngā tae pērara, me ētahi atu ahumahi matū. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga o te biotite i roto i ngā paninga whakapaipai pērā i te peita kōhatu tūturu.
◆Ngā tikanga wehewehe
Te whakamānu, te kōwhiringa hau, te kōwhiringa ā-ringa, te tihore, te kōwhiringa waku, te huri pai, te huri tino pai, te whakarerekētanga mata.
9.Muscovite
◆Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana
Ko te Muscovite he momo kohuke mika i roto i te rōpū mika mā, he silicate o te konumohe, te rino, me te pāhare pākawa. Kei te Muscovite te Muscovite he muscovite pouri (ngā atarangi parauri, kakariki rānei, me ētahi atu) me te muscovite mārama (ngā atarangi kōwhai mārama). He mārama te muscovite mārama, ā, he kanapa karaihe; he āhua mārama te muscovite pouri. He kanapa karaihe ki raro i te konganuku, he kanapa pērara te mata pakaru. He pīwariwari ngā pepa angiangi, he pakeke 2~3, he taumaha motuhake 2.70~2.85, kāore e kawe hiko.
◆Ngā tono
E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga rauemi hanga, te umanga tinei ahi, ngā kai tinei ahi, ngā rākau whakarewa, ngā kirihou, te whakamahana hiko, te hanga pepa, te pepa uku, te rapa, ngā tae pērara, me ētahi atu umanga matū. E whakamahia ana te paura mika tino pai hei whakakī mahi mō ngā kirihou, ngā paninga, ngā peita, te rapa, me ētahi atu, hei whakapai ake i te kaha miihini, hei whakarei ake i te pakari, te piri, te ārai i te koroheketanga, me te ātete ki te waikura.
I roto i te ahumahi, e whakamahia ana mō tōna ātete ki te whakamahana me te wera, tae atu ki tōna ātete ki ngā waikawa, ki te kawakore, ki te pēhanga, me ngā āhuatanga tihore, e whakamahia ana hei rauemi whakamahana mō ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hiko; tuarua, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga i ngā kohua mamaoa, ngā matapihi oumu whakarewa, me ngā wāhanga miihini.
◆Ngā tikanga wehewehe
Te whakamānu, te kōwhiringa hau, te kōwhiringa ā-ringa, te tihore, te kōwhiringa waku, te huri pai, te huri tino pai, te whakarerekētanga mata.
10.Ōriwini
◆Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana
He kakariki oriwa, he kōwhai-kakariki, he hina-kakariki mārama, he kakariki-pango. He kanapa te karaihe, he whati angaanga noa; he pakeke 6.5~7.0, he mātotoru 3.27~4.37.
◆Ngā tono
Whakamahia hei rauemi mata mō ngā pūhui konupora me ngā phosphates, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga maniua konupūmā-konupora phosphate; ka taea te whakamahi i te olivine whai konupora hei rauemi ātete; ka taea te whakamahi i te olivine mārama, matotoru hei rauemi mata mō te kohatu utu nui.
◆Ngā tikanga wehewehe
Kōwhiringa anō, wehenga aukume.
◆Te Pūtake me te Tūnga
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia e te mahi magmatic, e puta ana i roto i ngā toka ultrabasic me ngā toka taketake, e hono ana ki te pyroxene, te amphibole, te magnetite, ngā kohuke rōpū platinum, me ētahi atu.
Wā tuku: Hurae-31-2024